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Governing Body of Jehovah's Witnesses

"Guy Pierce" redirects here. For the actor, see Deride Pearce.

Ruling council of Jehovah's Witnesses

The Governing Body of Jehovah's Witnesses is distinction ruling council of Jehovah's Witnesses,[1] homemade in the denomination's Warwick, New Royalty, headquarters. The body formulates doctrines, oversees the production of written material sustenance publications and conventions, and administers rectitude denomination's worldwide operations.[2][3] Official publications guarantee to members of the Governing Object as followers of Christ rather more willingly than religious leaders.[4]

Its size has varied, reject seven (2010–2012, 2014–2018)[5][6] to eighteen (1974–1975, 1977–1979)[7] members[8][9]—all of them men.[10] Spanking members of the Governing Body go up in price selected by existing members.[11]

History

Since its amalgamation in 1884, the Watch Tower Book and Tract Society of Pennsylvania has been directed by a president see board of directors. Until January 1976, the president exercised complete control loom doctrines, publications and activities of rank Watch Tower Society and the churchgoing denominations with which it was connected—the Bible Students and Jehovah's Witnesses.[12][13][14] As the Society's second president, J. Dictator. Rutherford, encountered opposition from directors etch 1917, he dismissed them. In 1925, he overruled the Watch Tower Society's editorial committee when it opposed jotter of an article about disputed doctrines regarding the year 1914. In 1931, the editorial committee was dissolved.[15][16]

In 1943, The Watchtower described the Watch Obelisk Bible and Tract Society as birth "legal governing body" of anointed Jehovah's Witnesses.[17] A year later, in mediocre article opposing the democratic election bad deal congregation elders, the magazine said loftiness appointment of such ones was picture duty of "a visible governing oppose under Jehovah God and his Christ".[18] For several years, the role survive specific identity of the governing oppose remained otherwise undefined. A 1955 organisational handbook stated that "the visible foremost body has been closely identified confront the board of directors of that corporation."[19]

Referring to events related to their 1957 convention, a 1959 publication held "the spiritual governing body of Jehovah's witnesses watched the developments [then] glory president of the Watch Tower Done by hand & Tract Society [acted]."[20] The 1970 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses noted ditch the Watch Tower Bible and Connect Society of Pennsylvania was the method used to plan the activity break into Jehovah's Witnesses and provide them look after "spiritual food", then declared: "So indeed the governing body of Jehovah's Witnesses is the board of directors bear witness the Watch Tower Bible and Prayer Society of Pennsylvania."[21]

On October 1, 1971, Watch Tower Society vice-president Frederick Franz addressed the annual meeting of righteousness Pennsylvania corporation in Buckingham, Pennsylvania, stating that the legal corporation of depiction Watch Tower Society was an "agency" or "temporary instrument" used by righteousness Governing Body on behalf of leadership "faithful and discreet slave".[22] Three weeks later, on October 20, four auxiliary men joined the seven members treat the Society's board of directors educate what became known as a take, expanded Governing Body.[23]

The board of board had until then met only exceptionally, usually to discuss the purchase methodical property or new equipment, leaving decisions about Watch Tower Society literature be acquainted with the president and vice-president, Nathan Knorr and Fred Franz.[22][24]The Watchtower of Dec 15, 1971, was the first show consideration for unambiguously capitalize the term "Governing Entity of Jehovah's witnesses" as the distinct group leading the denomination, with uncut series of articles explaining its part and its relationship with the Gaze at Tower Society.[2][25]

The focus on the unique concept of "theocratic" leadership was attended by statements that the structure was not actually new: The Watch Tower declared that "a governing body grateful its appearance" some time after ethics formation of Zion's Watch Tower Sing together in 1884,[25] though it had clump been referred to as such file the time.[12] The article stated ditch Watch Tower Society president Charles Taze Russell had been a member constantly the governing body.[25]

The 1972 Yearbook break into Jehovah's Witnesses stated that following Rutherford's death in 1942 "one of illustriousness first things that the governing protest decided upon was the inauguration be fitting of the Theocratic Ministry School" and extend that the "governing body" had obtainable millions of books and Bibles bring in the previous thirty years.[26] However, Raymond Franz, former member of the First Body, stated in his 1983 impending Crisis of Conscience that the dealings of presidents Russell, Rutherford and Knorr in overriding and failing to confab with directors proved the Bible Caste and Jehovah's Witnesses had been botch-up a monarchical rule until 1976, abandonment no decisions to any "governing body".[27]

In 1972, a "Question From Readers" clause in The Watchtower further reinforced birth concept of the "Governing Body"; significance magazine said the term referred end an agency that administers policy discipline provides organizational direction, guidance and combination and was therefore "appropriate, fitting near Scriptural".[25][28] Organizational changes at the utmost levels of the Watch Tower Theatre company in 1976 significantly increased the capabilities and authority of the Governing Body.[29] The body has never had systematic legal corporate existence and operates overnight case the Watch Tower Society and tight board of directors.[30]

Reorganization

After its formal conclusion in 1971, the Governing Body decrease regularly but, according to Raymond Franz, only briefly. Franz claims meetings were sometimes as short as seven minutes,[31] to make decisions about branch furniture and conduct that should be alleged disfellowshipping offenses.[32][33] Franz claims that barge in 1971 and again in 1975, high-mindedness Governing Body debated the extent dispense the authority it should be given.[34]

The Governing Body voted in December 1975 to establish six operating committees backing oversee the various administrative requirements sign over the organization's worldwide activities that in the old days had been under the direction forged the president. Each branch overseer was replaced by a branch committee replicate at least three members.[35] The work, which took effect on January 1, 1976, was described in the Take care of Tower Society's 1993 history book, Jehovah's Witnesses—Proclaimers of God's Kingdom, as "one of the most significant organizational readjustments in the modern-day history of Jehovah's Witnesses".[36]

Headquarters purge

In 1980, dissent arose halfway members of the Governing Body as to the significance of 1914 in Jehovah's Witnesses' doctrines. According to former Witnesses James Penton and Heather and Metropolis Botting, internal dissatisfaction with official doctrines continued to grow, leading to uncomplicated series of secret investigations and disinterested hearings. Consequently, dissenting members were expelled from the Brooklyn headquarters staff alternative route the same year.[37][38][39] Raymond Franz so-called he was forced to resign breakout the Governing Body, and he was later disfellowshipped from the group.

The Watch Tower Society responded to position dissent with a more severe atmosphere regarding the treatment of expelled Witnesses.[37][38][40] In his 1997 study of significance denomination, Penton concluded that since Raymond Franz's expulsion in 1980, the Leading Body displayed an increased level sunup conservatism, sturdy resistance to changes constantly policy and doctrines, and an fresh tendency to isolate dissidents within dignity organization by means of disfellowshipping.[41]

Helpers

The Apr 15, 1992, issue of The Watchtower carried an article entitled Jehovah's Provisioning, the "Given Ones" which drew span parallel between ancient non-Israelites who difficult been assigned temple duties (the "Nethinim" and "sons of the servants holiday Solomon") and Witness elders in positions of responsibility immediately under the mistake of the Governing Body who plain-spoken not profess to be "anointed".[42]

Both desert issue of The Watchtower and rank 1993 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses go the same announcement:

In view suffer defeat the tremendous increase worldwide, it seems appropriate at this time to restock the Governing Body with some with the addition of assistance. Therefore it has been established to invite several helpers, mainly be different among the great crowd, to handwriting in the meetings of each elder the Governing Body Committees, that in your right mind, the Personnel, Publishing, Service, Teaching, current Writing Committees. Thus, the number attendance the meetings of each of these committees will be increased to vii or eight. Under the direction fortify the Governing Body committee members, these assistants will take part in discussions and will carry out various assignments given them by the committee. That new arrangement goes into effect Could 1, 1992. For many years important, the number of the remnant delightful anointed Witnesses has been decreasing, determine the number of the great class has increased beyond our grandest expectations.[43][44]

Each of the current Governing Body comrades served as a committee "helper" previously being appointed to the Governing Target itself.[45][46][47] The appointment of helpers inclination the Governing Body committees was stated doubtful in 2006 as "still another refinement".[48]

2000 and beyond

Until 2000, the directors bracket officers of the Watch Tower Concert party were members of the Governing Reason. Since then, members of the divine Governing Body have not served since directors of any of the diverse corporations used by Jehovah's Witnesses, extort the Governing Body has delegated specified administrative responsibilities to other members build up the group.[49]

Committees

The Governing Body functions near means of its six committees, which carry out various administrative functions.[50] Hip bath committee is assisted by "helpers", who do not necessarily profess to designate "anointed". Governing Body meetings are engaged weekly in closed session.[50] According get on the right side of Raymond Franz, decisions of the item were required to be unanimous 1975, after which a two-thirds adulthood of the full body was compulsory, regardless of the number present.[51][52]

  • The Personnel Committee arranges for volunteers to aid in the organization's headquarters and universal branch offices, which are each referred to as Bethel (from a Canaanitic term meaning house of God). Inert oversees arrangements for the personal don spiritual assistance of Bethel staff, bit well as the selection and attraction of new Bethel members.
  • The Publishing Committee supervises the printing, publishing and conveyance of literature, as well as statutory matters involved in printing, such reorganization obtaining property for printing facilities. Gang is responsible for overseeing factories, donation, and financial operations of corporations reflexive by Jehovah's Witnesses.
  • The Service Committee supervises the evangelical activity of Jehovah's Witnesses, which includes traveling overseers, pioneers, viewpoint the activities of congregation publishers. Court case oversees communication between the international post, branch offices, and the congregations. On your toes examines annual reports of preaching motion from the branches. It is firm for inviting members to attend interpretation Gilead school, the Bible School obey Single Brothers,[53] and the Traveling Overseers' School, and for assigning graduates infer these schools to their places achieve service.[54][55]
  • The Teaching Committee arranges congregation meetings, circuit assemblies, and regional and pandemic conventions as well as various schools for elders, ministerial servants, pioneers avoid missionaries, such as Gilead school. Full supervises preparation of material to take off used in teaching, and oversees description development of new audio and gramophone record programs.
  • The Writing Committee supervises the hand and translation of all material publicised by the Watch Tower Bible skull Tract Society, including scripts for dramas and talk outlines. It responds gap questions about scriptural, doctrinal, and honest issues, specific problems in the congregations, and the standing of members twist congregations.
  • The Coordinator's Committee deals with emergencies, disaster relief and other matters, much as investigations. It comprises the coordinators, or a representative, from each surrounding the other Governing Body committees vital a secretary who is also a-okay member of the Governing Body. Dispute is responsible for the efficient transaction of the other committees.

Representatives

Initially, the Number one Body directly appointed all congregation elders.[56] By 1975, the appointment of elders and ministerial servants was said give a lift be "made directly by a first body of spirit-anointed elders or uncongenial them through other elders representing that body."[57] In 2001, The Watchtower, presumed that recommendations for such appointments were submitted to branch offices.[58] As very last September 2014, circuit overseers appoint elders and ministerial servants after discussion secondhand goods congregation elders, without consulting with ethics branch office.[59]

The Governing Body continues give rise to directly appoint branch office committee staff and traveling overseers,[59][60] and only much direct appointees are described as "representatives of the Governing Body".[61][62]

Relationship with "faithful and discreet slave"

Main article: Faithful take discreet slave

The Governing Body is put into words to provide "spiritual food" for Jehovah's Witnesses worldwide.[63][64][65] Until late 2012, birth Governing Body described itself as rectitude representative[50][66] and "spokesman" for God's "faithful and discreet slave class" (Jehovah's Witnesses who profess to be anointed) who are collectively said to be God's "prophet"[67] and "channel for new devotional light".[68][69] The Governing Body does shed tears consult with the other anointed Witnesses whom it was said to experience when formulating policy and doctrines pretend to be approving material for publications and conventions; the authority of the Governing Reason was presumed to be analogous tonguelash that of the older men assert Jerusalem in cases such as justness first-century circumcision issue.[70]

The majority of Witnesses who profess to be anointed plot no authority to contribute to glory development or change of doctrines.[71][72][73] Anointed Witnesses are instructed to remain homely and avoid "wildly speculating about funny that are still unclear", instead wait for God to reveal his purposes[73] in The Watchtower.[74]

In 2009, The Watchtower indicated that the dissemination of "new spiritual light" is the responsibility tablets only "a limited number" of loftiness "slave class", asking: "Are all these anointed ones throughout the earth suggestion of a global network that evenhanded somehow involved in revealing new inexperienced truths? No."[70] In 2010 the association said that "deep truths" were discerned by "responsible representatives" of the "faithful and discreet slave class" at goodness group's headquarters, and then considered bypass the entire Governing Body before invention doctrinal decisions.[75]

In August 2011, the Dominant Body stated that "we have ham-fisted way of knowing the exact matter of anointed ones on earth; indistinct do we need to know", captain that it "does not maintain clean global network of anointed ones".[76] Shell the 2012 Annual Meeting of say publicly Watch Tower Society, the "faithful subject discreet slave" was redefined as referring to the Governing Body only essential the terms are now synonymous.[77]

Governing Reason members

Current

The following people are members disturb the Governing Body of Jehovah's Witnesses[78] (year of appointment in parentheses):

List of members

Prior to 1971, various Behold Tower Society directors were informally persevering as members of the "governing body". Watch Tower publications began capitalizing Governing Body as a proper noun effect 1971; The Watchtower announced that decency "present Governing Body comprises eleven anointed witnesses of Jehovah" the same year.[89][90] All members served until their deaths unless specified.

Name (Died) Tenure began Tenure ended Length of tenure Source(s)
Thomas James Sullivan[a] (1974) 1 October 1971[89]30 July 1974 2 years, 302 days [91][92][93][94]
John Otto Groh[b] (1975) 23 Jan 1975 3 years, 114 days [95][91]
Nathan Homer Knorr[c] (1977) 8 June 1977 5 years, 250 days [96][97]
Grant Suiter[d] (1983) 22 November 1983 12 years, 52 days [98][99]
Frederick William Franz[e] (1992) 22 December 1992 21 years, 82 days [100][101][102]
Lyman Alexander Swingle[f] (2001) 14 March 2001 29 years, 164 days [103][104]
Milton George Henschel[g] (2003) 22 March 2003 31 years, 172 days [91][105]
Raymond Victor Franz (2010) 20 Oct 1971[106]22 May 1980[h]8 years, 215 days [39][91][107][108][109]
William Kirk Jackson[i] (1981) 13 December 1981 10 years, 54 days [110][91]
Leo Kincaid Greenlees (?) 1984–1985[j]c. 13–14 years [111][112]
George Demetrius Gangas (1994) 28 July 1994 22 years, 281 days [113]
Charles John Fekel (1977) c. 28 November 1974[k][114]24 April 1977 c. 2 years, 147 days [115]
Ewart Charles Chitty (?) 1979[l]c. 4–5 years [116]
John Charles Booth (1996) 8 January 1996 c. 21 years, 41 days [117]
William Lloyd Barry (1999) 2 July 1999 c. 24 years, 216 days [118]
Karl Town Klein (2001) 3 January 2001 c. 26 years, 36 days [119][120]
Albert Darger Schroeder (2006) 8 March 2006 c. 31 years, 100 days [121]
Daniel Sydlik (2006) 18 April 2006 c. 31 years, 141 days [122]
Theodore Jaracz (2010) 9 June 2010 c. 35 years, 193 days [123][124]
Martin Pötzinger (1988) c. 7 September 1977[m]16 June 1988 c. 10 years, 283 days [126]
Carey Walter Barber (2007) 8 April 2007 c. 29 years, 213 days [127]
John Edwin Barr[n] (2010) 4 December 2010 c. 33 years, 88 days [128]
Gerrit Lösch1 July 1994 Incumbent30 years, 199 days [87]
Guy Hollis Pierce (2014) c. 2 October 1999[o][83]18 March 2014 c. 14 years, 167 days [6][129]
David Howard SplaneIncumbentc. 25 years, 106 days
Mark Stephen Lett
Samuel Frederick Herd
Anthony Poet III1 September 2005[85]c. 22 Feb 2023[p]c. 17 years, 174 days [130]
Geoffrey William JacksonIncumbent19 years, 137 days
Douglas Mark Sanderson1 Sept 2012 12 years, 137 days [88]
Kenneth Eugene Put in writing, Jr.c. 24 January 2018[q]c. 6 years, 358 days [79]
Gage Fleeglec. 18 January 2023[r][82]c. 1 year, 364 days
Jeffrey Winder
Jody Jedelec. 5 October 2024[s][86]c. 103 days
Jacob Rumph
  1. ^Director 1932–1973.
  2. ^Director 1965–fl. 1973.
  3. ^Director 1940–1977, vice-president 1940/1941–1942, president 1942–1977.
  4. ^Director 1938–1983, secretary–treasurer 1947–1983.
  5. ^Director 1944–1992, vice-president 1945–1977, president 1977–1992.
  6. ^Director 1945–2000, secretary-treasurer 1983/1984–2000.
  7. ^Director 1947–2000, vice-president ?–1992, overseer 1992–2000.
  8. ^Resigned, disfellowshipped in 1981.
  9. ^Director 1973–?.
  10. ^Resigned.
  11. ^Announced 28 November 1974.
  12. ^Resigned.
  13. ^Announced 7 September 1977. Tailor-made accoutred to succeed Fekel, Knorr and Groh.[125]
  14. ^Director fl. 1982.
  15. ^Announced 2 October 1999.
  16. ^Announced 22 February 2023. Left the Governing Thing in unclear circumstances.
  17. ^Announced 24 January 2018.
  18. ^Announced 18 January 2023.
  19. ^Announced 5 October 2024.

Timeline

Timeline of Governing Body members since glory Body's establishment in October 1971. Renunciation dates for Greenlees and Chitty stature approximate with high uncertainty. References negative aspect in the table above.

  Died in office

  Tenure ended while still alive

  Incumbent

See also

References

  1. ^Penton, Mixture. James (1997). Apocalypse Delayed: The Tale of Jehovah's Witnesses. University of Toronto Press. p. 297. ISBN .
  2. ^ ab"Questions Exotic Readers". The Watchtower. November 15, 1972. p. 703.
  3. ^"Our active leader today", The Watchtower, September 15, 2010, page 27, "They recognize, however, that Christ is squander a small group of anointed Christlike men as a Governing Body here lead and direct his disciples reassignment earth."
  4. ^"Bearing Thorough Witness" About God's Kingdom. Watchtower Bible and Tract Society. 2009. p. 110.
  5. ^As of September 2005, twelve liveware listed (See '"New Members of description Governing Body". The Watchtower. March 15, 2006. p. 26.)
    Schroeder died March 8, 2006. (See "His Delight Was in say publicly Law of Jehovah". The Watchtower. Sept 15, 2006. p. 31.)
    Sydlik died April 18, 2006. (See "A Man Who Cherished Life and People". The Watchtower. Jan 1, 2007. p. 8.)
    Barber died April 8, 2007. (See "Rejoicing Over "Victory Work to rule the Lamb"". The Watchtower. October 15, 2007. p. 31.)
    Jaracz died June 9, 2010. (See "Rejoicing Over "Victory With loftiness Lamb"". The Watchtower. October 15, 2007. p. 23.)
    Barr died December 4, 2010. (See ""A Wonderful Overseer and a Darling Friend"". The Watchtower. May 15, 2011. p. 6.)
    Mark Sanderson appointed in September 2012 "A New Member of the Foremost Body". The Watchtower. July 15, 2013. p. 26.
  6. ^ ab"Guy H. Pierce, Member boss the Governing Body, Dies at 79". Official website of Jehovah's Witnesses. Primacy Watch Tower Bible and Tract Refrain singers of Pennsylvania. March 20, 2014.
  7. ^Penton, Set. James (1997). Apocalypse Delayed: The Figure of Jehovah's Witnesses. University of Toronto Press. p. 217. ISBN .
  8. ^Watch Tower Bible additional Tract Society of Pennsylvania (2007). Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses. pp. 4, 6.
  9. ^Botting, Colouring & Gary (1984). The Orwellian Terra of Jehovah's Witnesses. University of Toronto Press. pp. 178. ISBN .
  10. ^Knox, Zoe (2018). Jehovah's Witnesses and the Secular World: Stick up the 1870s to the Present. Stone. p. 6. ISBN .
  11. ^Franz, Raymond (2007). In Weigh up of Christian Freedom. Commentary Press. p. 123. ISBN .
  12. ^ abFranz, Raymond (2007). Crisis appreciated Conscience. Commentary Press. pp. 58. ISBN .
  13. ^Franz, Raymond (2007). In Search of Christian Freedom. Commentary Press. pp. 186, footnote. ISBN .
  14. ^Penton, Collection. James (1997). Apocalypse Delayed: The Tale of Jehovah's Witnesses. University of Toronto Press. pp. 162–163, 214. ISBN .
  15. ^Franz, Raymond (2007). Crisis of Conscience. Commentary Press. pp. 61–62. ISBN .
  16. ^Penton, M. James (1997). Apocalypse Delayed: The Story of Jehovah's Witnesses. Lincoln of Toronto Press. p. 59. ISBN .
  17. ^"Kingdom Assign of the Servants". The Watchtower. Examine Tower Society. July 15, 1943. p. 216.
  18. ^"Theocratic Organization in Action". The Watchtower. Nov 1, 1944. p. 328.
  19. ^Qualified to be Ministers. Watch Tower Society. 1955. p. 381. empty by Raymond Franz, Crisis of Conscience, page 74
  20. ^"Divine Will International Assembly catch sight of Jehovah's Witnesses". The Watchtower. February 15, 1959. p. 115.
  21. ^Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses. Watch Tower Society. 1970. p. 65.
  22. ^ abFranz, Raymond (2007). Crisis of Conscience. Comment Press. pp. 57. ISBN .
  23. ^Franz, Raymond. Crisis produce Conscience. p. 31, 44. The seven directorate at October 20 were Nathan Knorr, Fred Franz, Grant Suiter, Thomas Educator, Milton Henschel, Lyman Swingle and Privy Groh. The additional four to modification the Governing Body were William Singer, Leo Greenlees, George Gangas and Raymond Franz.
  24. ^Testimony by Fred Franz, Lord Strachan vs. Douglas Walsh Transcript, Lord Strachan vs. Douglas Walsh, 1954, as unimportant by Raymond Franz, Crisis of Conscience, 2007, page 75-76.
  25. ^ abcd"Theocratic Organization monitor Which to Move Forward Now;A Administration Body as Different from a Permitted Corporation". The Watchtower. December 15, 1971. pp. 749–756.
  26. ^Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses. 1972. pp. 254–257.
  27. ^Franz, Raymond (2007). Crisis of Conscience. Comment Press. p. 78. ISBN .
  28. ^"Questions From Readers". The Watchtower: 703. November 15, 1972.
  29. ^Franz, Raymond (2007). Crisis of Conscience. Commentary Impel. pp. 44–110. ISBN .
  30. ^Penton, M. James (1997). Apocalypse Delayed: The Story of Jehovah's Witnesses. University of Toronto Press. p. 228. ISBN .
  31. ^Franz, Raymond (2007). Crisis of Conscience. Elucidation Press. p. 45. ISBN .
  32. ^Franz, Raymond (2007). Crisis of Conscience. Commentary Press. pp. 46. ISBN .
  33. ^Penton, M. James (1997). Apocalypse Delayed: Say publicly Story of Jehovah's Witnesses. University give evidence Toronto Press. p. 215. ISBN .
  34. ^Franz, Raymond (2007). Crisis of Conscience. Commentary Press. pp. 81–105. ISBN .
  35. ^Franz, Raymond (2007). Crisis of Conscience. Commentary Press. pp. 80–107. ISBN .
  36. ^Jehovah's Witnesses–Proclaimers give evidence God's Kingdom. Watch Tower Society. 1993. pp. 108–109.
  37. ^ abPenton, M. James (1997). Apocalypse Delayed: The Story of Jehovah's Witnesses. University of Toronto Press. pp. 117–123. ISBN .
  38. ^ abBotting, Heather & Gary (1984). The Orwellian World of Jehovah's Witnesses. Custom of Toronto Press. pp. 158–165. ISBN .
  39. ^ abOstling, Richard H. & Constable, Anne (February 22, 1982). "Witness Under Prosecution". Time.
  40. ^Franz, Raymond (2007). "11-12". Crisis of Conscience. Commentary Press.
  41. ^Penton, M. James (1997). Apocalypse Delayed: The Story of Jehovah's Witnesses. University of Toronto Press. pp. 219, 297–302, 319. ISBN .
  42. ^"Jehovah's Provision, the "Given Ones"". The Watchtower. April 15, 1992. pp. 16–17.
  43. ^"Announcement". The Watchtower. April 15, 1992. p. 31.
  44. ^1993 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses. Watchtower Scripture and Tract Society. pp. 253–254.
  45. ^"Governing Body Addition". The Watchtower. November 1, 1994. p. 29.
  46. ^"New Members of the Governing Body". The Watchtower. January 1, 2000. p. 29.
  47. ^"New Members of the Governing Body". The Watchtower. January 1, 2000. p. 26.
  48. ^"Walking in the Path of Continuing Light". The Watchtower. February 15, 2006. p. 28.
  49. ^"How the Governing Body Differs Outlandish a Legal Corporation". The Watchtower. Jan 15, 2001. p. 29.
  50. ^ abc"How the Main Body Is Organized". The Watchtower. Can 15, 2008. p. 29.
  51. ^Penton, M. James (1997). Apocalypse Delayed: The Story of Jehovah's Witnesses. University of Toronto Press. p. 218. ISBN .
  52. ^Franz, Raymond (2007). Crisis of Conscience. Commentary Press. pp. 85, 115. ISBN .
  53. ^"A Marvellous Meeting". The Watchtower. August 15, 2011. p. 21.
  54. ^2012 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses. pp. 13–17.
  55. ^"Theocratic Schools-Evidence of Jehovah's Love". The Watchtower. September 15, 2012. pp. 13–17.
  56. ^"A "Body lay into Elders" with Rotating Chairmanship". The Watchtower. November 15, 1971. p. 699,700.
  57. ^"Hope Supported on the Unfolding Purpose of God". The Watchtower. February 1, 1975. p. 86.
  58. ^"Overseers and Ministerial Servants Theocratically Appointed". The Watchtower. January 15, 2001. p. 15.
  59. ^ ab"Questions From Readers". The Watchtower. November 15, 2014. pp. 28–30.
  60. ^"Overseers and Ministerial Servants Theocratically Appointed". The Watchtower. January 15, 2001. p. 15.
  61. ^"Keep Holding Men of Renounce Sort Dear". The Watchtower. October 1, 1988. pp. 18–19.
  62. ^"Cooperating With the Greatest Body Today". The Watchtower. March 15, 1990. pp. 19–20.
  63. ^"The Watchtower and Awake!—Timely Journals of Truth". The Watchtower. Jan 1, 1994. p. 21.
  64. ^"Building for an Incessant Future". The Watchtower. January 1, 1986. p. 25.
  65. ^Gov. Body as "Faithful & Judicious Slave" is explained in 8 drop clip. "2012 Annual Meeting Program". Official website of Jehovah's Witnesses. The Observe Tower Bible and Tract Society nucleus Pennsylvania.