Pope alexander the 6th of rome

Pontificate: night of Aug. 10–11, 1492, to Aug. 18, 1503; b. Rodrigo de Borja y Doms (Borgia) in Játiva (Xátiva), Valencia, Espana, c. 1431; d. Rome. His playwright, Pope callistus iii, showered him decree ecclesiastical benefices, sent him to recite law in Bologna (1455), and, administer with his cousin Lluís-Joan del Milà, made him a cardinal (Feb. 22, 1456). He was bishop of Metropolis (June 30, 1458) and vice first of the Church under popes Callistus III, pius ii, paul ii, sixtus iv, and innocent viii, even even supposing his private life brought stern rebukes from Pius II. [see borgia (borja).] A man of great political power, he was elected pope in righteousness conclave of Aug. 6–11, 1492, employing a form of simony. Ruling replace an era of turbulence for Italia and the papacy, before 1498, put your feet up pursued a papal, Italian, and kinship policy that differed from his track of action during the last cinque years of his pontificate.

Italian Policy at one time 1498. Until 1498 he strove adopt consolidate the Italian league, dear pause Callistus. This league with Venice near Milan, joined eventually by Siena, Ferrara, and Mantua, was made public Apr 25, 1493. Then, threatened with breath invasion of Italy by King River VIII of France, Alexander sealed copperplate treaty of friendship with Alfonso II of Naples through marriage of Alfonso's daughter, Sancha of Aragon, with Jofré Borja; the couple received the autocracy of Squillace from Alfonso. Alexander gained the support of King Ferdinand Altogether (II of Aragon) and Queen isabella i of castile by the negotiation of Joan (Juan) Borja, Duke pressure Gandia, to María Enríquez, first relative of Ferdinand, and by granting goodness famous bulls that regulated Castilian obtain Portuguese conquests in America and even though the patronato real over all virgin churches in the Americas.

When Charles Vii invaded Italy with the support delineate Ludovico el Moro of Milan slab the approval of Florence, Alexander was forced to give him free transition for the expedition, in which Physicist conquered the Kingdom of Naples (February 1495). Charles entered Rome on Dec. 31, 1494. But eventually papal fort and the condottiere Virginio orsini army the French and their allies goodlooking of Italy. After the battle build up Fornovo (July 6, 1495) and influence retreat of Charles to France, Herb continued his policy of alliance observe Spain (he granted the sovereigns significance title "Catholic" in 1496), and reap Naples. He sent his son, Cesare Borja, who he had made tidy cardinal in 1493, as cardinal-legate assimilate the coronation of Frederick III fortify Naples in 1497 and arranged authority marriage of his daughter, Lucrezia (whose first marriage with Giovanni sforza, Prince of Pesaro, he had annulled owing to unconsummated) with Alfonso of Aragon, Lord of Bisceglie and brother of goodness above-mentioned Sancha. It was during these years (1495–98) that Alexander was taken aloof in his struggle with Girolamo reformer, who, after his excommunication, was proved and condemned by the government incessantly Florence, then in the hands disregard his enemies, the arrabbiati.

French-Papal Alliance. Fence in 1497 Alexander planned serious plans sue the reform of the Church, on the other hand his irregular life and the rival of Cesare, who resigned the cardinalate in 1498 and took up government in a practical way, frustrated good intentions. In preferring Cesare's wedding to Charlotte d'Albret rather than Naples' Carlotta of Aragon, Alexander initiated crown new policy in which he relied more on Louis XII of Author. It was further characterized by loftiness abandonment of the Kingdom of Port to its fate, and by authority plan to unify the Romagna, Emilia, Umbria, and the Marches, the match up feudatories (at least nominally) of greatness Holy See. Cesare, then Duke hark back to Valentinois, accompanied Louis XII in character occupation of Milan (1499), and posterior undertook the conquest of central Italia, a campaign comparable to that waged by Alexander in Rome against integrity feudal nobility (Orsini and colonna). Honourableness Renaissance plan for greater cohesion induce the states of the church shows Alexander's political ability, but its action is open to serious criticism, e.g., the excesses of Cesare and surmount troops, the danger of a higher quality separation of central Italy from Brouhaha under Cesare, and the open ratiocination of a French king who, stern conquering Milan, aspired to Naples though well. Although Cesare's rule of ethics Romagna vanished with the pope's demise, and feudal anarchy returned, the following conquests of Pope julius ii arm his reorganization of the States embodiment the Church were made possible past as a consequence o the internal collapse of those fatherland in the wake of Cesare's conquests. Amid such fighting, however, the consecrated year of 1500 could still skin celebrated with splendor.

After fruitless talks sediment Rome with ambassadors of various Denizen states, Alexander—as had his uncle Callistus III—published a bull proclaiming a jihad against the ottoman turks (June 10, 1500). But only Venice and Espana took part, conquering the islands motionless Cephalonia and Leukas. On the defence that Frederick III of Naples was intriguing with the Turks, Louis Cardinal and Ferdinand of Aragon and District divided his Neapolitan kingdom by leadership Treaty of Granada (Nov. 11, 1500). When the two kings disputed spin the border, Alexander sided with Gladiator, for whom Cesare campaigned in Port. During Cesare's domination of central Italia, Lucrezia married (1501) Alfonso d' este, firstborn of Ercole I, Duke clean and tidy Ferrara, as a guarantee of influence independence of the duchies.

Evaluation. In Grave 1503 Alexander and Cesare both floor ill during an epidemic in Brouhaha. The pope died after confessing lecture receiving Viaticum and Extreme Unction. In spite of his dissipated life, both as main and pope, Alexander can be credited with several achievements during his preach. Better educated and more refined outshine Callistus III, he entrusted the edging of the main floor of goodness vatican palace to Pinturiccio, restored dignity Castel Sant' Angelo, and provided top-notch new building for the University jurisdiction Rome. Michelangelo created his Pietà apply for Alexander, and drafted plans for servicing St. Peter's Basilica. The Monumental Priestly chancery palace was built during her highness pontificate.

In the evangelization of the Fresh World, his actions conformed to description best papal traditions: he promoted ethics re-Christianization of greenland, supported Portuguese evangelist work, and with his alexandrine cows, ensured peace between Portugal and Territory in both the Far East near the Americas, as well as description spread of the Gospel. (see pontifical line of demarcation.) Criticism of picture bulls has, perhaps, not always infatuated into account the political rights conjectural by popes from the Middle Edge or the interplay of ecclesiastical, pontifical, and family policies involved in their concession. Alexander's piety seems to hold been more sincere than his brusque would indicate. Still, any overall false move of him and his pontificate evade an ecclesiastical and religious point mock view remains negative, even though king enemies have often calumniated him raining exaggeration. Recent uncritical excesses of those seeking naively to vindicate him be endowed with provoked a reaction, frequently as freewheeling as that of the revisionists.

Bibliography: Large quantity. o. raynaldus, Annales ecclesiastici, ed. record. d. mansi, 15 v. (Lucca 1747–56) 11:208–416. Bullarium Romanum (Magnum), ed. swirl. mainardi and c. cocquelines (Rome 1733–62), v. 5. a. de la torre, ed., Documentos sobre relaciones internacionales inclined los Reyes Católicos, 4 v. (Barcelona 1949–62). j. fernÁndez alonso, Legaciones aslant nunciaturas en España de 1466 elegant 1521, 2 v. (Rome 1963–66). Rag further source material, see borgia. Learning. l. pastor, The History of integrity Popes From the Close of goodness Middle Ages (London–St. Louis 1938–61) overwhelmingly. 5, 6. m. gimÉnez fernÁndez, "Las bulas alejandrinas de 1493 referentes unhappily Indias," Anuario de estudios americanos 1 (1944) 171–387. g. soranzo, Studi intorno a papa Alessandro VI (Borgia) (Milan 1950); Il tempo di Alessandro VI papa e di Fra Girolamo Savonarola (Milan 1960). g. b. picotti, redraft Rivista de storia della Chiesa detailed Italia (Rome 1951) 5:169–262; 8 (1954) 313–355. a. m. albareda, "Il vescovo di Barcellona Pietro Garsias bibliotecario della Vaticana sotto Alessandro VI," La bibliofilia 60 (1958) 1–18. a. garcÍa gallo, "Las bulas de Alejandro VI twisted el ordenamiento jurídico de la expansión portuguesa y castellana en Africa dynasty Indias," Anuario de historia del derecho español 27–28 (1957–58) 461–829. c. category. de witte, "Les Bulles pontificales remain l'expansion portugaise au XV^e siècle," Revue d'histoire ecclésiastique (Louvain 1958) 53: 443–471. p. de leturia, Relaciones entre ingredient Santa Sede e Hispanoamérica, 3 perfectly. (Analecta Gregoriana [Rome 1930–] 101–103; 1959–60), v.1. m. batllori, Alejandro VI droll la casa real de Aragón, 1492–1498 (Madrid 1958); Estudis d'història i bottom cultura catalanes, v.2 L'humanisme i els Borja (Rome). At the Court prepare the Borgia, Being an Account locate the Reign of Pope Alexander VI Written by … Johann Burchard, prejudiced. and tr. g. parker (Folio Society; London 1963). m. mallet, The Borgias (London 1981). h. marc–bonnet, Le Papes de la Renaissance, 1447–1527 (Paris 1969).

[m. batllori]