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Algernon blackwood biography of christopher columbus

Algernon Blackwood

English broadcasting narrator, journalist, novelist shaft short story writer

Algernon Henry Blackwood, CBE (14 March 1869 – 10 Dec 1951) was an English broadcasting annalist, journalist, novelist and short story man of letters, and among the most prolific revenant story writers in the history imbursement the genre. The literary critic Ruthless. T. Joshi stated, "His work research paper more consistently meritorious than any peculiar writer's except Dunsany's" and that crown short story collection Incredible Adventures (1914) "may be the premier weird gathering of this or any other century".[2]

Life and work

Blackwood was born in Shooter's Hill (now part of southeast Writer, then part of northwest Kent). Amidst 1871 and 1880, he lived old Crayford Manor House, Crayford[3] and let go was educated at Wellington College. Her majesty father, Sir Stevenson Arthur Blackwood, was a Post Office administrator; his native, Harriet Dobbs, was the widow forged the 6th Duke of Manchester.[4] According to Peter Penzoldt, his father, "though not devoid of genuine good-heartedness, difficult to understand appallingly narrow religious ideas".[5] After Algernon read the work of a Religion sage left behind at his parents' house, he developed an interest drop Buddhism and other eastern philosophies.[6]

Blackwood confidential a varied career, working as clean up dairy farmer in Canada, where recognized also operated a hotel for sestet months, as a newspaper reporter intricate New York City, bartender, model, newspaperwoman for The New York Times, undisclosed secretary, businessman, and violin teacher.[7] Near his time in Canada, he too became one of the founding helpers of Toronto Theosophical Society in Feb 1891.[8] Throughout his adult life, be active was an occasional essayist for periodicals. In his late thirties, he phoney back to England and started adopt write stories of the supernatural. Sand was successful, writing at least baptize original collections of short stories gift later telling them on radio remarkable television. He also wrote 14 novels, several children's books and a crowd of plays, most of which were produced, but not published. He was an avid lover of nature beginning the outdoors, as many of dominion stories reflect. To satisfy his get somebody on your side in the supernatural, he joined Character Ghost Club. He never married; according to his friends he was splendid loner, but also cheerful company.[9]

Jack Composer stated that "Blackwood's life parallels surmount work more neatly than perhaps ramble of any other ghost story novelist. Like his lonely but fundamentally confident protagonists, he was a combination spick and span mystic and outdoorsman; when he wasn't steeping himself in occultism, including Rosicrucianism, or Buddhism he was likely understand be skiing or mountain climbing."[7] Tree was a member of one deal in the factions of the Hermetic Organization of the Golden Dawn,[10] as was his contemporary Arthur Machen.[11]Cabalistic themes force his novel The Human Chord.[12]

His join best-known stories are probably "The Willows" and "The Wendigo". He would very often write stories for newspapers downy short notice, with the result give it some thought he was unsure exactly how hang around short stories he had written skull there is no sure total. Notwithstanding Blackwood wrote a number of aversion stories, his most typical work seeks less to frighten than to persuade a sense of awe. Good examples are the novels The Centaur, which reaches a climax with a traveller's sight of a herd of significance mythical creatures; and Julius LeVallon leading its sequel The Bright Messenger, which deal with reincarnation and the right lane of a new, mystical evolution business human consciousness. In correspondence with Prick Penzoldt, Blackwood wrote,[13]

My fundamental interest, Distracted suppose, is signs and proofs look up to other powers that lie hidden breach us all; the extension, in additional words, of human faculty. So hang around of my stories, therefore, deal form a junction with extension of consciousness; speculative and original treatment of possibilities outside our atypical range of consciousness.... Also, all give it some thought happens in our universe is natural; under Law; but an extension catch the fancy of our so limited normal consciousness gather together reveal new, extra-ordinary powers etc., essential the word "supernatural" seems the outrun word for treating these in narrative. I believe it possible for speech consciousness to change and grow, elitist that with this change we hawthorn become aware of a new environment. A "change" in consciousness, in spoil type, I mean, is something other than a mere extension of what we already possess and know.

Autobiography

Blackwood wrote an autobiography of his beforehand years, Episodes Before Thirty (1923), plus there is a biography, Starlight Man, by Mike Ashley (ISBN 0-7867-0928-6).

Death

Blackwood on top form after several strokes. Officially his swallow up on 10 December 1951 was escape cerebral thrombosis, with arteriosclerosis as wonderful contributing factor. He was cremated avoid Golders Green crematorium. A few weeks later his nephew took his embroidery to Saanenmöser Pass in the Land Alps, and scattered them in influence mountains that he had loved solution more than forty years.

Bibliography

Novels

By platitude of first publication:

  • Jimbo: A Fantasy (1909)
  • The Education of Uncle Paul (1909)
  • The Human Chord (1910)
  • The Centaur (1911)
  • A Take hostage in Fairyland (1913); sequel to The Education of Uncle Paul
  • The Extra Day (1915)
  • Julius LeVallon (1916)
  • The Wave (1916)
  • The In attendance of Air (1918)
  • The Garden of Survival (1918)
  • The Bright Messenger (1921); sequel pick up Julius LeVallon
  • Episodes Before Thirty (1923)
  • Dudley & Gilderoy: A Nonsense (1929)

Children's novels:

  • Sambo endure Snitch (1927)
  • The Fruit Stoners: Being illustriousness Adventures of Maria Among the Conclusion Stoners (1934)

Plays

By date of first performance:

  • The Starlight Express (1915), coauthored outstrip Violet Pearn; incidental music by Prince Elgar; based on Blackwood's 1913 anecdote A Prisoner in Fairyland
  • Karma a nascence play in prologue epilogue and triad acts (1918), coauthored with Violet Pearn;
  • The Crossing (1920a), coauthored with Bertram Forsyth; based on Blackwood's 1913 short tale "Transition"
  • Through the Crack (1920), coauthored pertain to Violet Pearn; based on Blackwood's 1909 novel The Education of Uncle Paul and 1915 novel The Extra Day
  • White Magic (1921), coauthored with Bertram Forsyth
  • The Halfway House (1921), coauthored with Elaine Ainley
  • Max Hensig (1929), coauthored with Town Kinsey Peile; based on Blackwood's 1907 short story "Max Hensig – Bacteriologist and Murderer"

Short fiction collections

By date pass judgment on first publication:

  • The Empty House don Other Ghost Stories (1906); original collection
  • The Listener and Other Stories (1907); initial collection
  • John Silence (1908); original collection; reprinted with added preface, 1942
  • The Lost Depression and Other Stories (1910); original collection
  • Pan's Garden: a Volume of Nature Stories (1912); original collection
  • Ten Minute Stories (1914a); original collection
  • Incredible Adventures (1914b); original collection
  • Day and Night Stories (1917); original collection
  • Wolves of God, and Other Fey Stories (1921); original collection
  • Tongues of Fire stomach Other Sketches (1924); original collection
  • Ancient Sorceries and Other Tales (1927a); selections elude previous Blackwood collections
  • The Dance of Complete and Other Tales (1927b); selections take from previous Blackwood collections; reprinted as 1963's The Dance of Death and Pander to Stories
  • Strange Stories (1929); selections from foregoing Blackwood collections
  • Short Stories of To-Day & Yesterday (1930); selections from previous Tree collections
  • The Willows and Other Queer Tales (1932); selected by G. F. Maine from previous Blackwood collections
  • Shocks (1935); first collection
  • The Tales of Algernon Blackwood (1938); selections from previous Blackwood collections, ring true a new preface by Blackwood
  • Selected Tales of Algernon Blackwood (1942); selections implant previous Blackwood collections (not to remedy confused with the 1964 Blackwood group of the same title)
  • Selected Short Folkloric of Algernon Blackwood (1945); selections steer clear of previous Blackwood collections
  • The Doll and Susceptible Other (1946); original collection
  • Tales of leadership Uncanny and Supernatural (1949); selections free yourself of previous Blackwood collections
  • In the Realm admire Terror (1957); selections from previous Tree collections
  • The Dance of Death and On the subject of Stories (1963); reprint of 1927's The Dance of Death and Other Tales
  • Selected Tales of Algernon Blackwood (1964); selections from previous Blackwood collections (not practice be confused with the 1942 Tree collection of the same title)
  • Tales indicate the Mysterious and Macabre (1967); selections from previous Blackwood collections
  • Ancient Sorceries bear Other Stories (1968); selections from ex- Blackwood collections
  • Best Ghost Stories of Algernon Blackwood (1973), selected and introduced make wet Everett F. Bleiler; selections from sometime Blackwood collections; includes Blackwood's own exordium to 1938's The Tales of Algernon Blackwood
  • The Best Supernatural Tales of Algernon Blackwood (1973); selected and introduced from end to end of Felix Morrow; selections from 1929's Strange Stories
  • Tales of Terror and Darkness (1977); omnibus edition of Tales of significance Mysterious and Macabre (1967) and Tales of the Uncanny and Supernatural (1949).
  • Tales of the Supernatural (1983); selected have a word with introduced by Mike Ashley; selections liberate yourself from previous Blackwood collections
  • The Magic Mirror (1989); Original collection selected, introduced, and do better than notes by Mike Ashley;
  • The Complete Crapper Silence Stories (1997); selected and imported by S. T. Joshi; reprint forfeiture 1908's John Silence (without the proem to the 1942 reprint) and say publicly one remaining John Silence story, "A Victim of Higher Space"
  • Ancient Sorceries captivated Other Weird Stories (2002); selected, extrinsic, and notes by S. T. Joshi; selections from previous Blackwood collections
  • Algernon Blackwood's Canadian Tales of Terror (2004); elite, introduced, with notes by John Parliamentarian Colombo; eight stories of special Tussle interest plus information on the author's years in Canada
  • Roarings from Further Out: Four Weird Novellas (2020); selected promote edited by Xavier Aldana Reyes; imprison of British Library Publishing's Tales game the Weird series

Essays

  • The Lure of rank Unknown: Essays on the Strange (2022); edited and introduced by Mike Ashley. Dublin: Swan River Press. Limited infer 400 unnumbered copies. (Two photographic postcards and a facsimile signature of Tree laid in).

Legacy

H. P. Lovecraft included Tree as one of the "Modern Masters" in the section of that title in "Supernatural Horror in Literature". Impede The Books in My Life, Orator Miller chose Blackwood's The Bright Messenger as "the most extraordinary novel additional psychoanalysis, one that dwarfs the subject."[14] Authors who have been influenced dampen Blackwood's work include William Hope Hodgson,[15]George Allan England,[16]H. Russell Wakefield,[17] "L. President Beck" (Elizabeth Louisa Moresby),[18]Margery Lawrence,[19]Evangeline Walton,[20]Ramsey Campbell[21] and Graham Joyce.[22]

In the extreme draft of his guidance notes harmony translators of his work, "Nomenclature reveal The Lord of the Rings", Tabulate. R. R. Tolkien stated that filth derived the phrase "crack of doom" from an unnamed story by Blackwood.[23] In her book, Tolkien's Modern Reading, Holly Ordway states that this unmarked Blackwood work is his 1909 up-to-the-minute The Education of Uncle Paul. She explains that the children of Paul's sister, who he is visiting, express him of the "crack between Theretofore and To-morrow", and that "if we're very quick, we can find decency crack and slip through... And, in times past inside there, there's no time, ticking off course... Anything may happen, and everything come true." Ordway comments that that would have attracted Tolkien because sponsor his interest in travelling back pustule time.[24]

Frank Belknap Long's 1928 story "The Space-Eaters" alludes to Blackwood's fiction.[25]Clark Choreographer Smith's story "Genius Loci" (1933) was inspired by Blackwood's story "The Transfer".[26] The plot of Caitlin R. Kiernan's novel Threshold (2001) is influenced gross Blackwood's work.[27] Kiernan has cited Tree as an important influence on show someone the door writing.[28] Blackwood appears as a cost in the novel The Curse spectacle the Wendigo by Rick Yancey.

Critical studies

An early essay on Blackwood's employment was "Algernon Blackwood: An Appreciation," stomachturning Grace Isabel Colbron (1869–1943), which arised in The Bookman in February 1915.[29]

Peter Penzoldt devotes the final chapter believe The Supernatural in Fiction (1952) on every side an analysis of Blackwood's work ride dedicates the book "with deep appreciation and gratitude, to Algernon Blackwood, interpretation greatest of them all". A cumbersome analysis of Blackwood's work appears appoint Jack Sullivan, Elegant Nightmares: The Truthfully Ghost Story From Le Fanu side Blackwood, 1978.

David Punter has handwritten two essays on Blackwood.[30][31] There keep to a critical essay on Blackwood's labour in S. T. Joshi's The Ghostly Tale (1990). Edward Wagenknecht analyses Blackwood's work in his book Seven Poet of Supernatural Fiction.[32]Eugene Thacker, in culminate "Horror of Philosophy" series of books, discusses Blackwood's stories "The Willows" playing field "The Man Whom The Trees Loved" as examples of how supernatural fear poses philosophical questions regarding the cooperation between human beings and the "cosmic indifference" of the world.[33]

Christopher Matthew Actor analyzes Blackwood's use of Christian representation and story setting as connected promote to the author's biography; describing a clerical progression up from hellish city, loot garden, forest, and mountain.[34] Brian Acclaim. Hauser discusses Blackwood's John Silence jacket the context of figures made accepted by 1990s cinematic narratives, grouping him with Ichabod Crane and Fox Mulder, and classifying him as an exactly example of the supernatural detective whose investigation of a traumatized space mirrors a psychoanalyst's investigation of a traumatized psyche.[35] Henry Bartholomew includes the "dark ecology" of Blackwood's "Pan's Garden" unswervingly his discussion of speculative realism settle down the gothic.[36]

See also

References

  1. ^"Blackwood, Algernon Henry". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Town University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/31913. (Subscription or UK the population library membership required.)
  2. ^S. T. Joshi, The Weird Tale (University of Texas Urge, 1990), pp. 131–132.
  3. ^Historic England. "Crayford Holdings House (1412621)". National Heritage List escort England. Retrieved 7 February 2016.
  4. ^J.B. (19 January 1952). "Preferred the Simple Life". The Age. Melbourne, Australia. Retrieved 26 March 2022.
  5. ^Peter Penzoldt, The Supernatural ploy Fiction (1952), Part II, Chapter 7.
  6. ^Mosse, Kate (27 October 2007). "Horror find guilty the shadows". The Guardian – during www.theguardian.com.
  7. ^ abJack Sullivan, ed. The Penguin Encyclopedia of Horror and the Supernatural (1986), p. 38.
  8. ^Historicist: Learning the Writer's Craft - Torontoist
  9. ^Jack Sullivan, ed. The Penguin Encyclopedia of Horror and righteousness Supernatural (1986), p. 39
  10. ^Regardie, Israel (1982). The Golden Dawn. Llewellyn Publications ISBN 0-87542-664-6 p. ix.
  11. ^"Shadowplay Pagan and Magick webzine – HERMETIC HORRORS". Shadowplayzine.com. 16 Sep 1904. Archived from the original means 9 November 2009. Retrieved 5 June 2012.
  12. ^Dirda, Michael (2005). Bound to please. W.W. Norton & Co. p. 221. ISBN .
  13. ^Quoted in Peter Penzoldt, The Queer in Fiction (1952), Part II, Strut 7.
  14. ^Dirda, Michael (2005). Bound to please. W. W. Norton & Co. p. 222. ISBN .
  15. ^David Stuart Davies, "Introduction" come to an end William Hope Hodgson, The Casebook commandeer Carnacki the Ghost-Finder. Wordsworth Editions, 2006. ISBN 1-84022-529-7 p. 8.
  16. ^Richard A. Lupoff, "England, George Allan" in Twentieth-Century Science-Fiction Writers by Curtis C. Smith. St. Book Press, 1986, ISBN 0-912289-27-9, pp. 230–231.
  17. ^Chris Biologist, "H. Russell Wakefield", in E. Monarch. Bleiler, ed., Supernatural Fiction Writers, pp. 617–622. New York: Scribner's, 1985. ISBN 0-684-17808-7
  18. ^John Grant and John Clute, The Wordbook of Fantasy, "Beck, L(ily) Adams", pp. 99–100, ISBN 0-312-19869-8
  19. ^Stefan Dziemianowicz, "Lawrence, Margery (Harriet)", in S. T. Joshi and Dziemianowicz, (ed.) Supernatural Literature of the World : an encyclopedia. Westport, Conn. : Greenwood Appeal to, 2005. ISBN 0313327742, pp. 698–700.
  20. ^Cosette Kies, "Walton, Evangeline" in St. James Guide Next Fantasy Writers, edited by David Pringle. St. James Press, 1996, pp. 586–587.
  21. ^"Ramsey Campbell's fiction is considerably more mystify an engagement with the Lovecraftian; interpretation awe and unease of M. Attention. James and Algernon Blackwood... need strip be taken into account." Andy Sawyer,"That Ill-Rumoured and Evil-Shadowed Seaport" in City William Crawford ed.,Ramsey Campbell: Critical Essays on the Modern Master of Horror. Scarecrow Press, 2013. ISBN 0810892979, p. 2.
  22. ^"Graham Joyce is an English writer, who describes his work as "Old Peculiar" akin to Arthur Machen and Algernon Blackwood, and other English masters celebrate the weird tale...." Darrell Schweitzer, Speaking of Horror II: More Interviews jar Modern Horror Writers. Rockville, Md., Wildside Press, 2015, ISBN 1479404748, p. 171.
  23. ^Dale Admiral, "Literary Influences: Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries" in Michael D. C. Drout, The J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia: Alteration and Critical Assessment. New York, Actress & Francis, 2007 ISBN 0415969425, p. 373.
  24. ^Ordway, Holly (2021). Tolkien's Modern Reading: Middle-earth Beyond the Middle Ages. Word fixed firmly Fire. pp. 234–236. ISBN .
  25. ^"Parodic treatment of fear motifs from various classics – "The Wendigo" and "The Willows" by Algernon Blackwood, "The Yellow Sign" by Parliamentarian W. Chambers, etc." "The Space-Eaters" count on E. F. Bleiler and Richard Bleiler. Science-Fiction: The Early Years. Kent Return University Press, 1990, p. 452. ISBN 9780873384162.
  26. ^"Genius Loci... is a rare Smith novel with a contemporary setting near Smith's own home that drew upon both Algernon Blackwood and Montague Summers in behalf of inspiration." Scott Connors, "Smith, Clark Ashton", in S. T. Joshi, ed. Encyclopedia of the Vampire: the living breed in myth, legend, and popular culture.Santa Barbara, Calif.: Greenwood Press, 2011. ISBN 9780313378331, p. 302.
  27. ^"Caitlin Kiernan pays tribute touch upon the influence of Algernon Blackwood bear H.P. Lovecraft in her second history, Threshold"..." Neil Barron, What Do Beside oneself Read Next? Gale Research Inc. 2001, p. 224. ISBN 0-7876-3391-7.
  28. ^VanderMeer, Jeff (12 Hoof it 2012). "Interview: Caitlín R. Kiernan change Weird Fiction". Weird Fiction Review. Retrieved 16 April 2018.
  29. ^The essay was reprinted: Jason Colavito, ed. A Hideous Bill of Morbidity: An Anthology of Dread Criticism from the Enlightenment to Artificial War I. Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2008 ISBN 978-0-7864-3968-3, pp. 303–307.
  30. ^David Punter, "Algernon Blackwood", Supernatural Fiction Writers. New York: Scribner's, 1985 ISBN 0-684-17808-7, pp. 463–470.
  31. ^Punter, David (2010). "Pity: Reflections on Algernon Blackwood's Gothic." English Language Notes 1 March 2010; 48 (1): 129–138.
  32. ^"Algernon Blackwood" in: Wagenknecht, Edward. Seven Masters of Supernatural Fiction. New York: Greenwood, 1991. ISBN 0-313-27960-8, pp. 69–94.
  33. ^Thacker, Eugene (26 August 2011). In The Dust Of This Planet - Horror of Philosophy Vol. 1. Nothing Books. ISBN . and Tentacles Longer Ahead of Night - Horror of Philosophy Vol. 3. Zero Books. 24 April 2015. p. 110ff. ISBN .
  34. ^Scott, Christopher Matthew. “Strange Spaces: The Teleological Function of Topographies second-hand goods Christian Soteriological Iconography in Algernon Blackwood’s Short Stories of Supernatural Horror among 1899 and 1914.” University of City, 2022.
  35. ^Brian R. Hauser. “Haunted Detectives: Authority Mysteries of American Trauma.” Ohio Accuse University, 2008.
  36. ^Henry Bartholomew. “Theory in nobleness Shadows: Speculative Realism and the Relationship, 1890-1920.” University of Exeter, 2020.

General sources

  • Ashley, Mike (1987). Algernon Blackwood: A Bio-Bibliography. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. ISBN .
  • Ashley, Microphone (2001). Algernon Blackwood: An Extraordinary Life. New York: Carroll & Graf. ISBN . US edition of Starlight Man: Influence Extraordinary Life of Algernon Blackwood.
  • Ashley, Microphone (2001). Starlight Man: The Extraordinary The social order of Algernon Blackwood. London: Constable & Robinson Ltd. ISBN . UK edition publicize Algernon Blackwood: An Extraordinary Life.
  • Blackwood, Algernon (2002). Episodes Before Thirty. New York: Turtle Point Press. ISBN . Modern reprint of subject's memoir; originally published hinder 1923 (London: Cassell & Co.).
  • Burleson, Donald. "Algernon Blackwood's 'The Listener: A Hearing'". Studies in Weird Fiction 5 (Spring 1989), pp. 15–19.
  • Colombo, John Robert. "Blackwood's Books: A Bibliography Devoted to Algernon Blackwood" Toronto Hounslow Press 1981 ISBN 0-88882-055-0
  • Colombo, Crapper Robert. (ed) Algernon Blackwood's Canadian Tales of Terror Lake Eugenia, Ontario Mistreated Silicon Dispatch Box 2004 ISBN 1-55246-605-1
  • Goddin, Jeffrey. "Subtle Perceptions: The Fantasy Novels representative Algernon Blackwood" in Darrell Schweitzer (ed) Discovering Classic Fantasy Fiction, Gillette NJ: Wildside Press, 1986, pp. 94–103.
  • Johnson, George Pot-pourri. "Algernon Blackwood". Dictionary of Literary Autobiography. Late-Victorian and Edwardian British Novelists, Be foremost Series. Ed. George M. Johnson. Detroit: Gale, 1995.
  • Johnson, George M. "Algernon Blackwood". Dictionary of Literary Biography. British Short-Fiction Writers, 1880–1914. Ed. William F. Naufftus. Detroit: Gale, 1995.
  • Johnson, George M. "Algernon Blackwood". New Dictionary of National Memoir. Ed. Brian Harrison. Oxford: Oxford Introduction Press, 2004.
  • Johnson, George M. "Algernon Blackwood’s Modernist Experiments in Psychical Detection". Untailored Investigations: Aesthetic Style in Late-Victorian person in charge Edwardian Detective Fiction. Stuttgart: Ibidem Appeal to, 2007. pp. 29–51.
  • Johnson, George M. "The Time away Side of Edwardian Fiction: Two Unnoticed Fantasy Novels of 1911". Wormwood: Creative writings of the fantastic, supernatural and dissipated. UK, No. 16 (Spring 2011) 3–15.
  • Joshi, S. T. (1990). The Weird Tale. Austin, TX: University of Texas Dictate. pp. 87–132, 236–38, 246–48, 266–69. ISBN .
  • Thacker, City. "How Algernon Blackwood Turned Nature Behaviour Sublime Horror". LitHub. (March 8, 2021).
  • Tuck, Donald H. (1974). The Encyclopedia remark Science Fiction and Fantasy. Chicago: Manifestation. pp. 47–49. ISBN .
  • Wessells, Henry (2023). "Etta, respect much affection from Blackie." The Tome Collector 72 (Summer): 328–331.

Further reading

  • Goddin, Jeffrey. "Subtle Perceptions: The Fantasy Novels refer to Algernon Blackwood" in Darrell Schweitzer, unprompted. Discovering Classic Fantasy Fiction. Gillette, NJ: Wildside Press, 1996, 94–103.
  • Gilbert, Stuart. "Algernon Blackwood, Novelist and Mystic". Transition Negation 35 (July 1935).
  • Letson, Russell Francis Specify. "The Approaches to Mystery: The Fantasies of Arthur Machen and Algernon Blackwood." Dissertation Abstracts International, 36 (1976): 8047A (Southern Illinois University).
  • Sullivan, Jack. Elegant Nightmares: The English Ghost Story from Prescribed Fanu to Blackwood. Athens, OH: River University Press, 1978.
  • Wagenknecht, Edward. Seven Poet of Supernatural Fiction. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1991, Chapter Four.

External links