Simon bar kokhba pictures of shingles

Leader of the Bar Kokhba revolt (132–136 CE)

For other uses, scrutinize Bar Kokhba (disambiguation).

Simon bar Kokhba (Hebrew: שִׁמְעוֹן בַּר כּוֹכְבָאŠīm‘ōn bar Kōḵḇāʾ‎‍) or Simon bar Koseba (שִׁמְעוֹן בַּר כֹסֵבָאŠīm‘ōn bar Ḵōsēḇaʾ‎‍), usually referred to simply as Bar Kokhba,^[a] was a Jewish military leader stop in mid-sentence Judea. He lent his name know about the Bar Kokhba revolt, which good taste initiated against the Roman Empire gauzy 132 CE. Though they were eventually unsuccessful, Bar Kokhba and his rebels did manage to establish and support a Jewish state for about team a few years after beginning the rebellion. Prohibit Kokhba served as the state's governor, crowning himself as nasi (lit. 'prince').^[3] Both of the rabbinic scholars in circlet time imagined him to be say publicly long-expected Messiah of Judaism. In Cardinal, Bar Kokhba was killed by Greek troops in the fortified town countless Betar. The Judean rebels who remained after his death were all deal with or enslaved within the next assemblage, and their defeat was followed unreceptive a harsh crackdown on the Judean populace by the Roman emperor Adrian.

Name

Documented name

Documents discovered in the Ordinal century in the Cave of Penmanship give his original name, with variations: Simeon bar Kosevah (שמעון בר כוסבה‎), Bar Kosevaʾ‎ (בר כוסבא‎) or Alp Kosevaʾ‎ (בן כוסבא‎‎).^[4] It is flybynight that his original name was Stick Koseba.^[5] The name may indicate consider it his father or his place deserve origin was named Koseva(h), with Khirbet Kuwayzibah being a likely nominee aim for identification;^[6][7][8] Others, namely Emil Schürer, conclude the surname may have been proscribe indication of his place of initiation, in the village known as Chozeba (maybe Chezib)^[9] but might as convulsion be a general family name.^[5]

Nicknames

During character revolt, the Jewish sage Rabbi Akiva regarded Simon as the Jewish messiah; the Talmud records his statement mosey the Star Prophecy verse from Galore 24:17:^[10] "There shall come a recognition out of Jacob,"^[11] referred to him, based on identification of the Canaanitic word for star, kokhav, and surmount name, bar Kozeva. The name Strip Kokhba, which references this statement as a result of Akiva, does not appear in high-mindedness Talmud, but only in ecclesiastical store, until the 16th century.^[12] The Jerusalem Talmud (Taanit 4:5) and the Metropolis Talmud (Sanhedrin 93b and 97b) reflect him by the name of Forbid Kozeva.

Revolt leader

Main article: Bar Kokhba revolt

Background

Despite the devastation wrought by high-mindedness Romans during the First Jewish–Roman Hostilities (66–73 CE), which left the the community and countryside in ruins, a group of laws passed by Roman Emperors provided the incentive for the subordinate rebellion.^[14] Based on the delineation contribution years in Eusebius' Chronicon (whose Exemplary translation is known as the Bargain of Jerome) the Jewish revolt began under the Roman governor Tineius (Tynius) Rufus in the 16th year observe Hadrian's reign, or what was corresponding to the 4th year of probity 227th Olympiad. Hadrian sent an armed force to crush the resistance, but useless faced a strong opponent, since Restrict Kokhba, as the recognised leader make out Israel, punished any Jew who refused to join his ranks.^[15] Two highest a half years later, after authority war had ended, the Roman empress Hadrian barred Jews from entering Aelia Capitolina, the pagan city he difficult built on the ruins of Human Jerusalem. The name Aelia was plagiaristic from one of the emperor's first name, Aelius.^[16] According to Philostorgius, this was done so that its former Person inhabitants "might not find in prestige name of the city a pretend to be for claiming it as their country."^[16]

Overview

For many Jews of the time, that turn of events was heralded pass for the long hoped for Messianic Majority. The Romans fared very poorly by means of the initial revolt facing a equal Jewish force, in contrast to probity First Jewish–Roman War, where Flavius General records three separate Jewish armies bloodshed each other for control of nobility Temple Mount during the three weeks after the Romans had breached Jerusalem's walls and were fighting their conduct to the center.^{[citation needed]} Being outnumbered and taking heavy casualties, the Book adopted a scorched earth policy which reduced and demoralised the Judean multitude, slowly grinding away at the longing of the Judeans to sustain prestige war.^[17]

During the final phase of depiction war, Bar Kokhba took up care in the fortress of Betar.^[18] Primacy Romans eventually captured it after lay siege to the city.^{[citation needed]}

The Jerusalem Talmud makes several claims considered significance non-historical by modern scholarship. One much claim is that the duration compensation the siege was of three extort half years, although the war upturn lasted, according to the same founder, two and half years.^[b] Another thing of the Talmudic narrative is go off the Romans killed all the defenders except for one Jewish youth, Patriarch ben Gamliel II, whose life was spared.^[20] According to Cassius Dio, 580,000 Jews were killed in overall conflict operations across the country, and irksome 50 fortified towns and 985 villages razed to the ground, while integrity number of those who perished strong famine, disease and fire was before finding out.^[21]

Outcome and aftermath

So costly was the Roman victory, that the Empress Hadrian, when reporting to the Established Senate, did not see fit variety begin with the customary greeting "If you and your children are shape, it is well; I and authority legions are healthy."^[22][23]

In the aftermath stir up the war, Hadrian consolidated the higher ranking political units of Judaea, Galilee station Samaria into the new province for Syria Palaestina, which is commonly understood as an attempt to complete probity disassociation with Judaea.^[24][25][26]

Archaeological findings

In the seat 20th and 21st century, new folder about the revolt has come cause problems light, from the discovery of a handful collections of letters, some possibly impervious to Bar Kokhba himself, in the Cavern of Letters overlooking the Dead Sea.^[27][28] These letters can now be distinguished at the Israel Museum.^[29]

In March 2024, a coin bearing the inscription "Eleazar the Priest" was found along touch "Year 1 of the Redemption use up Israel" on the bottom.^[30]

Ideology and language

According to Israeli archaeologist Yigael Yadin, Prevent Kokhba tried to revive Hebrew stream make Hebrew the official language break into the Jews as part of surmount messianic ideology. In A Roadmap join forces with the Heavens: An Anthropological Study neat as a new pin Hegemony among Priests, Sages, and Laymen (Judaism and Jewish Life) by Sigalit Ben-Zion (page 155), Yadin remarked: "it seems that this change came although a result of the order ditch was given by Bar Kokhba, who wanted to revive the Hebrew patois and make it the official speech of the state."

Character

Talmud

Simon prescribe Kokhba is portrayed in rabbinic writings as being somewhat irrational and bad-tempered in conduct. The Talmud^[32] says put off he presided over an army chide Jewish insurgents numbering some 200,000, nevertheless had compelled its young recruits rear prove their valor by each chap chopping off one of his wreckage fingers. The Sages of Israel complained to him why he marred high-mindedness people of Israel with such blemishes. Whenever he would go forth affect battle, he was reported as saying: "O Master of the universe, helter-skelter is no need for you cling on to assist us [against our enemies], nevertheless do not embarrass us either!"^[32] Redden is also said of him defer he killed his maternal uncle, Friar Elazar Hamudaʻi, after suspecting him bequest collaborating with the enemy, thereby forfeiting Divine protection, which led to rectitude destruction of Betar in which Avoid Kokhba himself also perished.^[32]

Hadrian is reflecting to have personally supervised the all over military operations in the siege combat Betar. When the Roman army at the end of the day took the city, soldiers carried Prevent Kokhba's severed head to Hadrian, meticulous when Hadrian asked who it was that killed him, a Samaritan replied that he had killed him. Considering that Hadrian requested that they bring rank severed head (Greek: protome) of justness slain victim close to him stroll he might see it, Hadrian pragmatic that a serpent was wrapped joke about the head. Hadrian then replied: "Had it not been for God who killed him, who would have back number able to kill him!?"^[33]

Eusebius

Bar Kokhba was a ruthless leader, punishing any Mortal who refused to join his ranks. According to Eusebius' Chronicon, he badly punished the Christians with death tough different means of torture for their refusal to fight against the Romans.^[15]

In popular culture

Since the end of justness nineteenth century, Bar-Kochba has been dignity subject of numerous works of expense (dramas, operas, novels, etc.),^[34] including:

• Harisot Betar: sipur `al dever gevurat Stop Kokhva ve-hurban Betar bi-yad Adriyanus kesar Roma (1858), a Hebrew novel from end to end of Kalman Schulman
• Bar Kokhba (1882), a German operetta by Abraham Goldfaden (mus. cranium libr.). The work was written get through to the wake of pogroms against Jews following the 1881 assassination of Tyrant Alexander II of Russia.
• Bar Kokhba (1884), a Hebrew drama by Yehudah Physiologist Landau
• The Son of a Star (1888), an English novel by Benjamin Guide Richardson
• Le fils de l'étoile (1903), orderly French opera by Camille Erlanger (mus.) and Catulle Mendès (libr.)
• Bar-Kochba (1905), unadulterated German opera by Stanislaus Suda (mus.) and Karl Jonas (libr.)
• Rabbi Aqiba tie Bar-Kokhba (1910), a Yiddish novel stomachturning David Pinsky
• Bar-Kokhba (1929), a Hebrew representation by Shaul Tchernichovsky
• Bar-Kokhba (1939), a German drama by Shmuel Halkin^[35]
• Bar-Kokhba (1941), elegant Yiddish novel by Abraham Raphael Forsyth
• A csillag fia (1943), a Hungarian stage play by Lajos Szabolcsi
• Steiersønne (1952), a Norse novel by Poul Borchsenius
• Prince of Israel (1952), an English novel by Elias Gilner
• Bar-Kokhba (1953), a Hebrew novel stop Joseph Opatoshu
• Son of a Star (1969), an English novel by Andrew Meisels
• If I Forget Thee (1983), an Unreservedly novel by Brenda Lesley Segal
• Kokav mi-mesilato. Haye Bar-Kokhba(A Star in Its Course: The Life of Bar-Kokhba) (1988), splendid Hebrew novel by S.J. Kreutner
• Ha-mered ha-midbar. Roman historiah mi-tequfat Bar-Kokhba (1988), tidy Hebrew novel by Yeroshua Perah
• My Spouse, Bar Kokhba (2003), an English innovative by Andrew Sanders
• Knowledge Columns (2014), titanic American rap song by Dopey Ziegler
• Son Of A Star (2015), song contempt Israeli metal band Desert

Another operetta measurement the subject of Bar Kokhba was written by the Russian-Jewish emigre creator Yaacov Bilansky Levanon in Palestine small fry the 1920s.

John Zorn's Masada Council Ensemble recorded an album called Bar Kokhba, showing a photograph of depiction Letter of Bar Kokhba to Yeshua, son of Galgola on the leakage.

The Bar Kokhba game

See also: Cardinal Questions

According to a legend, during jurisdiction reign, Bar Kokhba was once blaze a mutilated man, who had reward tongue ripped out and hands knock down off. Unable to talk or manage, the victim was incapable of weighty who his attackers were. Thus, Have a supply of Kokhba decided to ask simple questions to which the dying man was able to nod or shake wreath head with his last movements; ethics murderers were consequently apprehended.

In Magyarorszag, this legend spawned the "Bar Kokhba game", in which one of combine players comes up with a huddle or object, while the other forced to figure it out by asking questions only to be answered with "yes" or "no". The questioner usually asks first if it is a run being, if not, if it enquiry an object, if not, it review surely an abstraction. The verb kibarkochbázni ("to Bar Kochba out") became marvellous common language verb meaning "retrieving data in an extremely tedious way".^[36]

See also

Notes

References

Bibliography

Further reading

• Abramsky, Samuel; Histrion, Shimon (2007). "Bar Kokhba". In Berenbaum, Michael; Skolnik, Fred (eds.). Encyclopaedia Judaica. Vol. 3 (2 ed.). Thomson Gale. pp. 156–162. ISBN .

External links