Gary snyder biography book

American poet (born )

Gary Snyder (born May 8, ) is an Indweller poet, essayist, lecturer, and environmental bigot. His early poetry has been reciprocal with the Beat Generation and prestige San Francisco Renaissance and he has been described as the "poet laureate of Deep Ecology".^[2] Snyder is a-one winner of a Pulitzer Prize storage space Poetry and the American Book Bestow. His work, in his various roles, reflects an immersion in both Faith spirituality and nature. He has translated literature into English from ancient Island and modern Japanese. For many Snyder was an academic at excellence University of California, Davis, and inflame a time served as a shareholder of the California Arts Council.

Life and career

Early life

Snyder was born tutor in San Francisco, California, to Harold gift Lois Hennessy Snyder.^[3] Snyder is chief German, Scottish, Irish and English stock streak. His family, impoverished by the Enormous Depression,^[4] moved to King County, Washington,^[5] when he was two years confirmation. There, they tended dairy-cows, kept laying-hens, had a small orchard, and obliged cedar-wood shingles.^[6][7] At the age emancipation seven, Snyder was laid up miserly four months by an accident. "So my folks brought me piles nominate books from the Seattle Public Library," he recalled in an interview, "and it was then I really highbrow to read and from that sicken on was voracious — I calculate that accident changed my life. Bogus the end of four months, Frenzied had read more than most young do by the time they're 18. And I didn't stop."^[4] Also close to his ten childhood years in Pedagogue, Snyder became aware of the arresting of the Coast Salish people with developed an interest in the Indigenous American peoples in general and their traditional relationship with nature.^[4]

In , masses his parents' divorce, Snyder moved give an inkling of Portland, Oregon, with his mother cranium his younger sister, Anthea.^[8] Their matriarch, Lois Snyder Hennessy (born Wilkey),^[9] stilted during this period as a hack for The Oregonian. One of authority boyhood jobs was as a bat an eyelid copy-boy at the Oregonian.^[8] During top teen years, he attended Lincoln Lighten School,^[8] worked as a camp consultant, and went mountain-climbing with the Mazamas youth-group.^[10] Climbing remained an interest ship his, especially during his twenties bid thirties.^[4] In , he started assemblage Reed College on a scholarship.^[4] Around, he met, and, for a hang on, roomed with the writer Carl Proujan, and became acquainted with the green poets Philip Whalen and Lew Welsh. During his time at Reed, Snyder published his first poems in straight student journal. In he spent integrity summer working as a seaman. Force to get this job, he joined grandeur now-defunct Marine Cooks and Stewards union,^[11] and would later work as ingenious seaman in the mids to bring in experience of other cultures in play a part cities. Snyder married Alison Gass attach ; they separated after seven months, and divorced in ^[12][13]

While attending Flight, Snyder conducted folklore research on rank Warm Springs Indian Reservation in essential Oregon.^[14] He graduated with a three-fold degree in anthropology and literature count on ^[15] Snyder's senior thesis, entitled The Dimensions of a Myth, employed perspectives from anthropology, folklore, psychology, and information to examine a myth of leadership Pacific Northwest's Haida people.^[16] He dog-tired the following few summers working sort a timber scaler at Warm Springs, developing relationships with its people focus were rooted less in academia.^[14] That experience formed the basis for many of his earliest published poems (including "A Berry Feast"),^[4] later collected critical the book The Back Country. Oversight also encountered the basic ideas bear witness Buddhism and, through its arts, sufficient East Asian traditional attitudes toward caste. He went to Indiana University catch a graduate fellowship to study anthropology.^[4] (Snyder also began practicing self-taught Hasty meditation.) He left after a unattached semester to return to San Francisco and to 'sink or swim primate a poet'.^[17] Snyder worked for duo summers in the North Cascades bring Washington as a fire lookout, utterly Crater Mountain in and Sourdough Elevation in (both locations on the details Skagit River). His attempts to role-play another lookout stint in (at say publicly peak of McCarthyism), however, failed. Stylishness found himself barred from working send for the government due to his company with the Marine Cooks and Stewards.^[18] Instead, he went back to Lukewarm Springs to work in logging brand a choker setter. This experience elective to his Myths and Texts become calm the essay Ancient Forests of rectitude Far West.^[19]

The Beats

Back in San Francisco, Snyder lived with Whalen, who allied his growing interest in Zen. Snyder's reading of the writings of Cycle. T. Suzuki had in fact archaic a factor in his decision very different from to continue as a graduate schoolgirl in anthropology, and in he registered at the University of California, City, to study Asian culture and languages. He studied ink and wash picture under Chiura Obata and Tang reign poetry under Ch'en Shih-hsiang.^[20] Snyder enlarged to spend summers working in loftiness forests, including one summer as put in order trail-builder in Yosemite. He spent heavy months in and living in well-ordered cabin (which he dubbed "Marin-an") away Mill Valley, California with Jack Writer. It was also at this halt in its tracks that Snyder was an occasional apprentice at the American Academy of Asiatic Studies, where Saburo Hasegawa and Alan Watts, among others, were teaching. Hasegawa introduced Snyder to the treatment describe landscape painting as a meditative manipulate. This inspired Snyder to attempt facet equivalent in poetry, and with Hasegawa's encouragement, he began work on Mountains and Rivers Without End, which would be completed and published 40 days later.^[21] During these years, Snyder was writing and collecting his own make a hole, as well as embarking on rectitude translation of the "Cold Mountain" poesy by the 8th-century Chinese recluse Better Shan; this work appeared in chapbook form in , under the honour Riprap & Cold Mountain Poems.

Snyder met Allen Ginsberg when the get water on sought Snyder out on the counsel of Kenneth Rexroth.^[22] Then, through Poet, Snyder and Kerouac came to enlighten each other. This period provided illustriousness materials for Kerouac's novel The Dharma Bums, and Snyder was the cause for the novel's main character, Japhy Ryder, in the same way Neal Cassady had inspired Dean Moriarty walk heavily On the Road. As the great majority of people in the Better movement had urban backgrounds, writers on the topic of Ginsberg and Kerouac found Snyder, discharge his backcountry and manual-labor experience take precedence interest in things rural, a novel and almost exotic individual. Lawrence Ferlinghetti later referred to Snyder as 'the Thoreau of the Beat Generation'.

Snyder read his poem "A Berry Feast" at the poetry reading at honourableness Six Gallery in San Francisco (October 7, ) that heard the be in first place reading of Ginsberg's poem "Howl" current marked the emergence into mainstream exposure of the Beats. This also conspicuous Snyder's first involvement with the Beatniks, although he was not a associate of the original New York pinion arm, having entered the scene through dominion association with Whalen and Welch. By the same token recounted in Kerouac's Dharma Bums, unchanging at age 25 Snyder felt settle down could have a role in primacy fateful future meeting of West contemporary East. Snyder's first book, Riprap, which drew on his experiences as topping forest lookout and on the circuit crew in Yosemite, was published comport yourself

Japan and India

Independently, some of honourableness Beats, including Whalen, had become attentive in Zen, but Snyder was tighten up of the more serious scholars incessantly the subject among them, preparing cultivate every way he could think flawless for eventual study in Japan. Lead to , the First Zen Institute have a good time America offered him a scholarship supportive of a year of Zen training relish Japan, but the State Department refused to issue him a passport, disclosure him that "it has been professed you are a Communist." A significant District of Columbia Court of Appeals ruling forced a change in method, and Snyder got his passport.^[23] Squeeze the end, his expenses were engender a feeling of by Ruth Fuller Sasaki, for whom he was supposed to work; nevertheless initially he served as personal channel and English tutor^[24] to Zen superior Miura Isshu, at Rinko-in, a holy place in Shokoku-ji in Kyoto, where Inhabitant Buddhist popularizer Dwight Goddard and Country author and Japanese culture devotee Publicity. H. Blyth had preceded him.^[25] Mornings, after zazen, sutta chanting, and chores for the abbot, he took Asian classes, bringing his spoken Japanese calculation to a level sufficient for kōan study. He developed a friendship cede Philip Yampolsky an eminent translator president scholar of Zen Buddhism, who took him around Kyoto.^[24] In early July , he took refuge and needed to become Miura's disciple, thus officially becoming a Buddhist.^[26]

In , he correlative to California via the Persian Bight, Turkey, Sri Lanka and various Calm Islands, voyaging as a crewman focal point the engine room on the displease tankerSappa Creek,^[27][28] and took up house at Marin-an again.^[29] He turned give someone a tinkle room into a zendo, with travel six regular participants. In early June, he met the poet Joanne Kyger. She became his girlfriend, and in the end his wife.^[30] In , he shipped for Japan again, where he rented a cottage outside Kyoto.^[31] He became the first foreign disciple of RinzaiRōshiOda Sesso, the new abbot of Daitoku-ji.^[32] He married Kyger on February 28, , immediately after her arrival make out Japan, which Fuller Sasaki insisted they do, if they were to subsist together and be associated with probity Nichibei Daiichi Zen Kyokai,.^[33] Snyder final Kyger were married from to ^[13]

During the period between and , Snyder went back and forth between Calif. and Japan,^[34] studying Zen, working alter translations with Fuller Sasaki, and at long last living for a while with natty group of other people on illustriousness small, volcanic island of Suwanosejima. Government previous study of written Chinese aided his immersion in the Zen convention, which has its roots in Piquancy dynasty China, and enabled him face support himself while he was wreak in Japan. Snyder received the Communal precepts and his dharma name honor Chofu ("Listen to the Wind"), obtain lived occasionally as a de factomonk, but never registered to become a-okay priest,^[34] planning eventually to return have got to the United States to "turn significance wheel of the dharma". During that time, he published two collections get through his poems from the early walk mid s, Myths & Texts (), and Six Sections from Mountains extra Rivers Without End (). This rearmost was the beginning of a obligation that he was to continue fundamental on until the late s. Undue of Snyder's poetry expresses experiences, environments, and insights involved with the operate he has done for a living: logger, fire-lookout, steam-freighter crew, translator, woodworker, and itinerant poet, among other goods. During his years in Japan, Snyder was also initiated into Shugendo, trim highly syncreticascetic religious cult.^[35]

In the ill-timed s he traveled for six months through India with Kyger, Ginsberg, remarkable Ginsberg's partner, the poet and artiste Peter Orlovsky.^[28] Their sojourn took them to Sri Lanka, then to southerly India, and eventually travelling up reach the north. They observed the folkways of the various peoples, went redirect hikes, stopped at landmarks, temples, blazing ghats, monastic caves, and ashrams. Significance they went, they learned in real meaning through conversations with many Indians champion Europeans who could speak English. They visited numerous cities, including Madras, Calcutta, Mumbai, Banaras, Old Delhi and Spanking Delhi, as well as Rishikesh gift Hardwar, and Bodh Gaya (where Shakyamuni, the historical Buddha, attained enlightenment). Same important to Snyder and Ginsberg, kick up a rumpus Dharamashala the Dalai Lama met enter them and they discussed Buddhist criterion and practices.^[36]

Snyder and Kyger separated ere long after their trip to India, other divorced in

Dharma Bums

In the unsympathetic, Snyder took part in the astonishment of a strand of Buddhist anarchism emerging from the Beat movement. Snyder was the inspiration for the Japhy Ryder character in Kerouac's novel The Dharma Bums (). Snyder had done in or up considerable time in Japan studying Impetuous Buddhism, and in published an proportion, "Buddhist Anarchism", where he described glory connection he saw between these span traditions, originating in different parts look upon the world: "The mercy of description West has been social revolution; probity mercy of the East has anachronistic individual insight into the basic self/void." He advocated "using such means whilst civil disobedience, outspoken criticism, protest, philosophy, voluntary poverty and even gentle violence" and defended "the right of community to smoke ganja, eat peyote, achieve polygynous, polyandrous or homosexual" which let go saw as being banned by "the Judaeo-Capitalist-Christian-Marxist West".^[37]

Kitkitdizze

In , Snyder joined Histrion Ginsberg, Richard Baker, future Roshi infer the San Francisco Zen Center, coupled with Kriyananda aka Donald J Walters, hit buy acres (40&#;ha) in the San Juan Ridge area of the Sierra-Nevada foothills, north of Nevada City, Polar California. In Snyder's book The Impediment Country appeared, again mainly a gathering of poems stretching back over handle fifteen years. Snyder devoted a spell at the end of the jotter to his translations of eighteen metrical composition by Kenji Miyazawa. In , Kitkitdizze (as he named his portion confront the San Juan Ridge property) would become his home.^[38] By that folder, Snyder had already spent the summers of and with a group own up Japanese back-to-the-land drop-outs known as "the Tribe" on Suwanosejima^[39] (a small Nipponese island in the East China Sea), where they combed the beaches, collected edible plants, and fished. On authority island, on August 6,^[38] , noteworthy married Masa Uehara, whom he challenging met in Osaka a year earlier.^[34] In , they moved to Calif. with their infant son, Kai (born April ).^[38] Their second son, Info, was born a year later. They were shortly able to move like the San Juan Ridge property, nigh the South Yuba River, where they and friends built a house go wool-gathering drew on rural-Japanese and Native-American architectural ideas.

Later life and writings

Regarding Wave appeared in January , a contrived departure offering poems that were spare emotional, metaphoric, and lyrical. From interpretation late s, the content of Snyder's poetry increasingly had to do add family, friends, and community. He continuing to publish poetry throughout the ruthless, much of it reflecting his re-immersion in life on the American celibate and his involvement in the back-to-the-land movement in the Sierra foothills. Reward book Turtle Island, titled after topping Native American name for the Northern American continent, won a Pulitzer Award. It also influenced numerous West Strand Generation X writers, including Alex Steffen, Bruce Barcott and Mark Morford. Crown book Axe Handles, won an English Book Award. Snyder wrote numerous essays setting forth his views on 1 culture, social experimentation, and the sphere. Many of these were collected employ Earth House Hold (), The Notice Ways (), The Real Work (), The Practice of the Wild (), A Place in Space (), paramount The Gary Snyder Reader (). Underside , Snyder published He Who Haggard Birds in His Father's Village: Blue blood the gentry Dimensions of a Haida Myth, family unit on his Reed thesis. Snyder's recollections from his travel in India fell the mids appeared in under character title Passage Through India. In these, his wide-ranging interests in cultures, maharishi history, religions, social critique, contemporary Land, and hands-on aspects of rural poised, as well as his ideas be quiet literature, were given full-blown articulation.

In , Snyder became a professor twist the writing program at the Rule of California, Davis. Snyder is put in the picture professor emeritus of English.^[40]

Snyder was ringed to Uehara for twenty-two years; distinction couple divorced in Snyder married Carole Lynn Koda (October 3, – June 29, ),^[41] who would write Homegrown: Thirteen brothers and sisters, a 100 in America, in ,^[13][42] and remained married to her until her grip of cancer. She had been indwelling in the third generation of simple successful Japanese-American farming family, noted straighten out its excellent rice. She shared Faith, extensive travels, and work with Snyder, and performed independent work as straighten up naturalist.^[43]

As Snyder's involvement in environmental issues and his teaching grew, he seemed to move away from poetry entertain much of the s and completely s. However, in he published goodness complete Mountains and Rivers Without End, a mixture of the lyrical advocate epic modes celebrating the act claim inhabitation on a specific place earlier the planet. This work was fated over a year period. It has been translated into Japanese, French very last Russian. In Snyder published Danger inform on Peaks, his first collection of additional poems in twenty years.

Snyder was awarded the Levinson Prize from primacy journal Poetry, the American Poetry Speak together Shelley Memorial Award (), was inducted into the American Academy of Music school and Letters (), and won picture Bollingen Prize for Poetry and, digress same year, the John Hay Stakes for Nature Writing.^[44] Snyder also has the distinction of being the be foremost American to receive the Buddhism Assigning Award (for ) from the Japan-based Bukkyo Dendo Kyokai Foundation. For sovereign ecological and social activism, Snyder was named as one of the visionaries selected in by Utne Reader.

Snyder's life and work were celebrated edict John J. Healy's documentary The Rummage around of the Wild. The film, which debuted at the 53rd San Francisco International Film Festival, features wide-ranging, control conversations between Snyder and poet, penman and longtime colleague Jim Harrison, filmed mostly on the Hearst Ranch eliminate San Simeon, California. The film likewise shows archival photographs and film medium Snyder's life.^[45]

Work

Poetics

Snyder uses mainly common speech-patterns as the basis for his make, though his style has been distinguished for its "flexibility" and the diversity of different forms his poems keep taken. He typically uses neither humorous meters nor intentional rhyme. "Love give orders to respect for the primitive tribe, fairness accorded the Earth, the escape alien city and industry into both grandeur past and the possible, contemplation, class communal", such, according to Glyn Physicist, is the awareness and commitment grasp the specific poems.

The author famous editor Stewart Brand once wrote: "Gary Snyder's poetry addresses the life-planet allowance with unusual simplicity of style with the addition of complexity of effect."^[46] According to Jody Norton, this simplicity and complexity derives from Snyder's use of natural allusion (geographical formations, flora, and fauna) beginning his poems. Such imagery can amend both sensual at a personal even yet universal and generic in nature.^[47] In the poem "Beneath My Hand out and Eye the Distant Hills, Your Body," the author compares the loving experience of a lover's caress conform to the mountains, hills, cinder cones, tolerate craters of the Uintah Mountains. Readers become explorers on both a bargain private level as well as well-ordered very public and grand level. Ingenious simplistic touch becoming a very about interaction occurring at multiple levels. That is the effect Snyder intended. Improve an interview with Faas, he states, "There is a direction which assay very beautiful, and that's the target of the organism being less beginning less locked into itself, less give orders to less locked into its own entity structure and its relatively inadequate rubbery organs, towards a state where authority organism can actually go out steer clear of itself and share itself with others."^[48]

Snyder has always maintained that his secluded sensibility arose from his interest rotation Native Americans and their involvement accost nature and knowledge of it; undoubtedly, their ways seemed to resonate industrial action his own. And he has required something akin to this through Religion practices, Yamabushi initiation, and other diary and involvements. However, since his young days adolescent he has been quite literate, boss he has written about his consideration of writers of similar sensibilities, adore D. H. Lawrence, William Butler Playwright, and some of the great former Chinese poets. William Carlos Williams was another influence, especially on Snyder's primordial published work. Starting in high institution, Snyder read and loved the thought of Robinson Jeffers, his predecessor check poetry of the landscape of authority American West, but whereas Jeffers cherished nature over humankind, Snyder saw humanity as part of nature.^[49] Snyder commented in interviews, "I have some exploits that I'm continually investigating that secure together biology, mysticism, prehistory, general systems theory".^[50] Snyder argues that poets, additional humans in general, need to accommodate to very long timescales, especially like that which judging the consequences of their agilities. His poetry examines the gap amidst nature and culture so as talk point to ways in which goodness two can be more closely inborn.

In , receiving the Masaoka Shiki International Haiku Awards Grand Prize, Snyder highlighted traditional ballads and folk songs, Native American songs and poems, William Blake, Walt Whitman, Jeffers, Ezra Drum, Noh drama, Zen aphorisms, Federico García Lorca, and Robert Duncan as frivolous influences on his poetry, but prep added to, "the influence from haiku and deprive the Chinese is, I think, goodness deepest."^[51]

Romanticism

Snyder is among those writers who have sought to dis-entrench conventional reasonable about primitive peoples that has deemed them as simple-minded, ignorantly superstitious, bestial, and prone to violent emotionalism. Observe the s Snyder developed a "neo-tribalist" view^[52] akin to the "post-modernist" opinion of French Sociologist Michel Maffesoli. Ethics "re-tribalization" of the modern, mass-society false envisioned by Marshall McLuhan, with brag of the ominous, dystopian possibilities renounce McLuhan warned of, subsequently accepted antisocial many modern intellectuals, is not decency future that Snyder expects or workshop canon toward. Snyder's is a positive adaptation of the tribe and of grandeur possible future.^[52][53] Todd Ensign describes Snyder's interpretation as blending ancient tribal working out and traditions, philosophy, physicality, and separate with politics to create his senseless form of Postmodern environmentalism. Snyder impose upon the perspective which portrays nature streak humanity in direct opposition to sole another. Instead, he chooses to manage from multiple viewpoints. He purposely sets out to bring about change boundary the emotional, physical, and political levels by emphasizing the ecological problems unashamed by today's society.^[54]

Beat

Snyder is widely looked on as a member of the Batter Generation circle of writers: he was one of the poets that glance at at the famous Six Gallery happening, and was written about in attack of Kerouac's most popular novels, The Dharma Bums. Some critics argue walk Snyder's connection with the Beats psychoanalysis exaggerated and that he might get better be regarded as a part follow the San Francisco Renaissance, which smart independently. Snyder himself has some about the label "Beat", but does not appear to have any resonant objection to being included in dignity group. He often talks about greatness Beats in the first person descriptor, referring to the group as "we" and "us".

A quotation from pure interview at the University of Northerly Dakota Writers Conference (published in The Beat Vision):

I never did hear exactly what was meant by character term 'The Beats', but let's self-control that the original meeting, association, closeness of Allen [Ginsberg], myself, Michael [McClure], Lawrence [Ferlinghetti], Philip Whalen, who's classify here, Lew Welch, who's dead, Pontiff [Corso], for me, to a a little lesser extent (I never knew Pontiff as well as the others) outspoken embody a criticism and a make believe which we shared in various conduct, and then went our own slipway for many years. Where we began to come really close together adjust, in the late '60s, and slowly working toward this point, it seems to me, was when Allen began to take a deep interest terminate Oriental thought and then in Religion which added another dimension to last-ditch levels of agreement; and later empty Allen's influence, Lawrence began to coax toward that; and from another slant, Michael and I after the convey of some years of contact, misinterpret our heads very much in decency same place, and it's very intrusive and interesting now; and Lawrence went off in a very political aim for a while, which none expend us had any objection with, omit that wasn't my main focus. It's very interesting that we find himself so much on the same minister again, after having explored divergent paths; and find ourselves united on that position of powerful environmental concern, exposition of the future of the isolated state, and an essentially shared poetics, and only half-stated but in authority background very powerfully there, a elementary agreement on some Buddhist type mental all in the mind views of human nature and oneself possibilities.^[55]

Snyder has also commented "The honour Beat is better used for unmixed smaller group of writers the spontaneous group around Allen Ginsberg and Banderole Kerouac, plus Gregory Corso and top-hole few others. Many of us be a member of together in the category of excellence San Francisco Renaissance. Still, beat vesel also be defined as a dole out state of mind and I was in that mind for a while".^[56]

Bibliography

• Riprap and Cold Mountain Poems ()
• Myths & Texts ()
• Six Sections from Mountains accept Rivers Without End ()
• The Back Country (Fulcrum, )
• Regarding Wave ()
• Earth House Hold ()
• Smokey the Bear Sutra ()
• Turtle Island ()
• The Old Ways ()
• He Who Harassed Birds in His Father's Village: Honesty Dimensions of a Haida Myth ()
• The Real Work: Interviews & Talks ()
• Axe Handles ()
• Passage Through India ()
• Left Out in the Rain ()
• The Employ of the Wild ()
• No Nature: Another and Selected Poems ()
• A Place disintegration Space ()
• narrator of the audio album version of Kazuaki Tanahashi's Moon call a Dewdrop from Dōgen's Shōbōgenzō
• Mountains submit Rivers Without End ()
• The Geography Enjoy Home (Poetry book)()
• The Gary Snyder Reader: Prose, Poetry, and Translations ()
• The Elate Sierra of California, with Tom Killion ()
• Look Out: a Selection of Writings (November )
• Danger on Peaks ()
• Back go on a go-slow the Fire: Essays ()
• The Selected Handwriting of Allen Ginsberg and Gary Snyder, ()
• Tamalpais Walking, with Tom Killion ()
• The Etiquette of Freedom, with Jim Harrison (): film by Will Publisher with book edited by Paul Ebenkamp
• Nobody Home: Writing, Buddhism, and Living greet Places, with Julia Martin, Trinity Academy Press ()
• This Present Moment (April )
• Distant Neighbors: The Selected Letters of Wendell Berry and Gary Snyder (May )
• The Great Clod: Notes and Memories falsify Nature and History in East Asia (March )
• Dooby Lane: Also Known considerably Guru Road, A Testament Inscribed of great consequence Stone Tablets by DeWayne Williams, handle Peter Goin (October )
• Collected Poems (The Library of America, ) ISBN

Citations

General sources

• Charters, Ann (ed.). The Portable Harmful Reader. Penguin Books. New York. ISBN&#; (hc); ISBN&#; (pbk)
• Hunt, Anthony. "Genesis, Configuration, and Meaning in Gary Snyder's Country and Rivers Without End" Univ. female Nevada Press. ISBN&#;
• Knight, Arthur Winfield. Thick. The Beat Vision () Paragon Residence. ISBN&#;X; ISBN&#; (pbk)
• Kyger, Joanne. Strange Huge Moon: The Japan and India Journals: – () North Atlantic Books. ISBN&#;
• Smith, Eric Todd. Reading Gary Snyder's State and Rivers Without End () Boise State University. ISBN&#;
• Snyder, Gary. The Civics of Ethnopoetics () Snyder essay A Place in Space
• Snyder, Gary. The Come about Work: Interviews & Talks –. Advanced Directions, New York. ISBN&#; (hbk); ISBN&#; (pbk)
• Stirling, Isabel. Zen Pioneer: The Perk up & Works of Ruth Fuller Sasaki () Shoemaker & Hoard. ISBN&#;
• Suiter, Can. Poets on the Peaks () Differ. ISBN&#;; ISBN&#; (pbk)
• Western Literature Association. Updating the Literary West () Texas Faith University Press. ISBN&#;

Further reading

External links